Special events are certainly not limited to music, with writers' festivals (such as Byron Bay, NSW), gourmet wine and food festivals (such as Mudgee, NSW and Mornington Peninsula, Victoria) and specialty festivals (such as the Jacaranda Festival, Grafton) . Such estimates of music venues reflect, to some extent, the accumulation of production infrastructures, the raw number of active musicians, and the continuous recording of a relatively dense cast; in other cases, such associations are created as part of media campaigns and local marketing strategies, "invented traditions" (Hobsbawm, 1983) that have become central to the tourism industry and the music economy (Atkinson, 1997; Cohen, 1997; Gibson and Connell 200
) . 19
). gramophone records. Alternatively, places and their meanings are contested in and through music, whether it is the multiple and contradictory representation of Los Angeles and New York in rap music, or the celebration or exoticization of ethnicity in "world music. Gibson, D. in Nashville, Tennessee. The imagined places of country music were "the landscape of nostalgic salvation and escape from the cold, impersonality of the contemporary cityscape" (Lewis, 1997, p. ). and Beef Week, Casino, both in NSW) are also popular in Australia (see also Bessiere, 1998).