167). suggests that it is seen as country music "defined in opposition to metropolitan norms" (Smith, 199
, p. during the second war because of its communist meanings' (Hemphill, 1970) which has since remained a term used in connection with specific forms of acoustic music apparently related to left-wing politics
PRESS
C . Special events are certainly not limited to music, with writers' festivals (such as Byron Bay, NSW), gourmet wine and food festivals (such as Mudgee, NSW and Mornington Peninsula, Victoria) and specialty festivals (such as the Jacaranda Festival, Grafton) . , wagon tracks, tough men, hats. From the 1930s to the 1950s, these styles of music—bluegrass, hillbilly music, cowboy songs, and folk—began to be more widely marketed using new technologies—recording studios, electric instruments—and at a time when the production and transmission infrastructure was centralized. 301). , pistols, horses, and guns. In some cases, the connections between music and place coalesce into a definable "sound", such as the output of the music industry at different times in New Orleans, Seattle, Liverpool, Detroit and San Francisco. Such estimates of music venues reflect, to some extent, the accumulation of production infrastructures, the raw number of active musicians, and the continuous recording of a relatively dense cast; in other cases, such associations are created as part of media campaigns and local marketing strategies, "invented traditions" (Hobsbawm, 1983) that have become central to the tourism industry and the music economy (Atkinson, 1997; Cohen, 1997; Gibson and Connell 200
) .