Such estimates of music venues reflect, to some extent, the accumulation of production infrastructures, the raw number of active musicians, and the continuous recording of a relatively dense cast; in other cases, such associations are created as part of media campaigns and local marketing strategies, "invented traditions" (Hobsbawm, 1983) that have become central to the tourism industry and the music economy (Atkinson, 1997; Cohen, 1997; Gibson and Connell 200
) . . Notions of a natural or "natural" connection to the non-urban landscape became normalized in country music as it moved from unrecorded folk music to mass production by entertainment companies - as if the style of music was "country" because it originated from. Almost by definition it represented rural life, although not without doubts and insecurities or an inability to admit that the land was blameless. 19
). 167). However, music festivals have become by far the most common, from the annual East CoastBlues and Sweden Festival of Byron Bay to the Elvis Revival Festival in Parkes, NSW; From the Port Fairy Folk Festival (Victoria) to many country music festivals in Gympie (Queensland), Mildura (New South Wales), Port Pirie (South Australia) and Tamworth (see Aldskogius, 1993; Derrett et al. Special events are certainly not limited to music, with writers' festivals (such as Byron Bay, NSW), gourmet wine and food festivals (such as Mudgee, NSW and Mornington Peninsula, Victoria) and specialty festivals (such as the Jacaranda Festival, Grafton) . Sometimes visual and audio texts combine to represent places in a particular way, such as in music videos and film soundtracks – or in festivals where music is combined with stage performances, dance, room design and decoration, and other visual elements. From the 1930s to the 1950s, these styles of music—bluegrass, hillbilly music, cowboy songs, and folk—began to be more widely marketed using new technologies—recording studios, electric instruments—and at a time when the production and transmission infrastructure was centralized.